Man Was Made for God, and Not God for Man

Gospel – 9^th Sunday in Ordinary Time¹

I – Where Is the Absolute Found?

Who, as a child, has not carried out the simple experiment of planting a seed – perhaps a bean – and covering it with a cardboard box, in which a hole is made on the side opposite to where the seed was planted? Every now and then the lid is lifted to water the seed and, depending on the child’s level of curiosity, to check if it has sprouted. Before long the seed does germinate, a sprout appears and – oh, surprise! – the stem, which had emerged upright from the soil, starts turning in search of the light. Over the next few days excitement mounts as the stalk makes its long journey until finally appearing through the opening in the box. This botanical phenomenon is called heliotropism, a term of Greek origin signifying movement in search of the sun. Heliotropism is amply observed in the clearly defined seasons of the Northern Hemisphere. With the arrival of spring, the slight tilt of the earth toward the sun makes the barren winter trees burst into bloom. The foliage always seeks the rays of the sun and, curiously, there is no such thing as a capricious or rebellious leaf that hides from its influence.

Created to love and know the Infinite

God sets the orderly plant kingdom before our eyes to symbolize a much higher and nobler aspiration found in Angels as well as in the human soul, which could be called “theotropism” – the turning toward God. Accordingly, from the first glimmer of reason, man begins to search for the Absolute. To use metaphoric language, it could be said that the heart is created with a window open to the infinite, which continually impels it toward the true, the good, and the beautiful, without which it would be impossible for us to seek a supernatural end.

Made to know and to love the Infinite, and to be known and loved by Him, man attains full happiness only by giving himself to God

The Lord fashioned us in this way to make us conscious of our dependency and our subjection to a much superior being. No matter how strongly a person may declare himself an atheist, he is never so self-sufficient as to be able to live entirely dissociated from this desire for God! As long as man does not set up obstacles and is faithful to this natural appetite, he will be justified, that is, he will attain effects identical to sacramental Baptism.² We find this in the lives of certain saints, including the African Josephine Bakhita. Uninformed regarding the Faith in early life, she wondered who had created the sun, the moon and the stars, and she delighted in paying homage to this great “patron”³ of the universe, as she called Him. Made to know and love the Infinite and to be known and loved by Him, man only attains full happiness in giving himself to God, for no other creature that we love, or any activity that we undertake can entirely satisfy us. Why, then, do so many people rush headlong into the abyss of sin? Illusion is the culprit, for man, of himself, is incapable of practising evil for the sake of evil, or error for the sake of error.⁴ When a person gives in to a sinful pleasure prohibited by God’s Law, or even when he commits a crime, he believes, deep down, that it will afford him some kind of happiness.

The two paths that lay open to man

Sooner or later in life, two paths open before us: we can opt to make an idol out of what is relative, such as career, money or social relationships, or we can choose to embrace the true Absolute, who is God, and acknowledge our dependence on Him. This choice maintains the health of the soul, and even physical health… In the supernatural field, the more I love, the more my appetite grows, until it attains unimaginable dimensions. Thus it was with Our Lady, in whom the fire of divine ĵlove passed all earthly proportion, and She passed from this life to the next.

We have two paths open before us: either we make an idol out of what is relative, or we must embrace the true Absolute, who is God, acknowledging our dependence on Him

On the opposite extreme, when a person removes God from the centre of his thoughts and affections and takes creatures to be absolute, he loses his equilibrium; the heart becomes insensible to God, the intelligence becomes dulled and the person concerns himself only with the concrete and material. The insatiable grasping after glory, the desire to satisfy personal vanity, to call attention to oneself, to dominate, to be praised and applauded provides fleeting happiness but introduces a seed of spiritual infirmity in the soul which eventually results in frustration. This happened to St. Peter when he walked upon the sea: for thinking of himself, he began to sink in the turbulent waters (cf. Mt 14:30). We will find yet another example of this in the Gospel for the 9th Sunday in Ordinary Time, in the attitude of the Pharisees in relation to Our Lord Jesus. They were concerned with the Law, and they forgot to look at God himself, who was in their midst! Why? Because fulfilment of the precepts was to their advantage, assuring their status and giving them pre-eminence in society. Consequently, it was not even the Law that they placed at the centre, but themselves! This is a typical case of spiritual absolutism that Jesus will punish by violently wielding His divine word.

II – Adore the Sabbath or Adore the Lord of the Sabbath?

The Gospel presents us with the poetic scene of Our Lord Jesus Christ walking through a wheat field with the Apostles who are in a situation of need, for they have no food. As the Divine Master moved from one village to another, preaching and curing all, His disciples, who were formed in His school and always followed Him, found themselves surrounded by the multitude and had no time even to eat (cf. Mk 3:20; 6:31). Since they journeyed by foot it was difficult to carry provisions, and sometimes they forgot to do so (cf. Mk 8:14). In these circumstances, it was licit – and even permitted by the Law – for those who passed through a farmer’s field to take something to eat in moderation, as long as the property owner suffered no damages. If it were a wheat field, a person could pick and peel the stalks by hand, without putting a sickle to them (cf. Dt 23:25-26). Whole raw wheat, commonly eaten in the Middle East, is hearty food containing nutrients that are lost in the production of white flour. Chewing these grains appeased the disciples’ gnawing hunger, giving them the energy to continue on their journey of many kilometres.

In the presence of Christ: either antipathy or the desire to follow…

The Sabbath, as this Sunday’s first reading relates (Dt 5:12-15), was a holy day, “the Sabbath of the Lord” (Dt 5:14); according to which every Israelite was to rest and abstain from work. But the Pharisees and scribes had added a series of norms not contained in the Law of Moses, including the prohibition of 39 activities.⁵

Preaching of Our Lord - St. Swithun’s Church, East Grinstead (England)

While the Law ordered rest on the seventh day, “in ploughing time and in harvest” (Ex 34:21), rigid Rabbinic criteria stipulated that collecting a few stalks or even kernels meant violating the Sabbath.⁶ The Pharisees were aghast with the Apostles’ actions, when, in reality, it was utterly normal behaviour. St. Cyril of Alexandria ridicules the Pharisees, exclaiming: “Do you not yourself, Pharisee, break bread when seated at table on the Sabbath? Why do you admonish others?”⁷ Essentially, their difficulty went back much further than the episode at hand and was aimed at the Master rather than the disciples… In accusing them, they criticized Him – while lacking the courage to do so openly – insinuating that He ought to take measures to keep His followers from committing such an infraction.

The disciples accepted the divinity of Our Lord; believing Him to be above everything, they considered all else – the grain, the Sabbath law, the Pharisees – to be on a secondary plane

Now, we cannot impute a spirit of contention to the Apostles, as if they acted in this way for the pleasure of provoking the Pharisees. In fact, they preferred not to rankle or argue with the latter, but on this occasion they were driven by hunger. In carrying out their apostolic obligations they had expended much energy; undoubtedly they had already exceeded the quantity of steps stipulated by the Pharisaic code, according to which it was forbidden to walk more than two thousand cubits outside the city – slightly more than one kilometre – on the Sabbath.⁸ In crossing the wheat field, then, they had the right to take some nourishment, which was permitted by custom on any day of the week. Additionally, by faith, the disciples had accepted the divinity of Our Lord Jesus Christ and, believing Him to be above all else, they considered the rest to be secondary – the stalks, the Sabbath law, the Pharisees… Sincere enthusiasm prompted them to follow Him who was more important, to assimilate His doctrine and be in harmony with His way of being. For this reason, they pacified their stomachs with those grains of wheat so that, free from material concerns, they could accompany Jesus up close, even side by side, with true familiarity, holding on to His every word, attitude and gesture!

The Divine Master puts the Pharisees in a situation of contradiction

As God, Our Lord Jesus Christ had foreseen this episode from all eternity and, moreover, He knew all that Scripture contained, being its inspirer. As the Lord of history and the Divine Teacher, He uses the unfolding of events to teach men. In this sense, David’s attitude was destined to serve Him to set the Pharisees in contradiction against themselves on this occasion. And He permitted the Apostles to break the Sabbath rest to shock and provoke a reaction from the Pharisees, creating the opportunity to proclaim the truth, in opposition to the religion which they had invented, so far removed from authentic piety.

Just as ancient peoples worshipped idols, the Pharisees and Scribes had fallen into the error of holding up the relative as the absolute, deifying petty rules

But we must not think that Our Lord sought to goad the Pharisees and teachers of the Law to condemn them. Rather, He wanted to convert them, and acted charitably – He is Charity! – in order to cure them of the baneful disease from which they suffered: pride. Their view of reality was clearly impoverished; the old Asian adage could be applied to them: “When the wise man points to the moon, the fool looks at his finger.” Similar to the ancient peoples who adored idols of wood or metal, they stooped to the folly of erecting the relative as absolute, deifying those petty rules, instead of raising their sights and contemplating God! The Divine Master refuted them for this more incisively than He had in other circumstances, pronouncing a powerful argument in recalling an undeniable fact that they would have preferred to overlook just then. He cited the historic episode of David, their highest figurehead, the model of holy king and prophet.

Detail of “Jesus among the doctors”, by David Teniers, the Younger - Art History Museum, Vienna

When David fled the wrath of Saul, with his soldiers, he went to the priestly city of Nob, which housed the Tabernacle. Seeing that his companions had no food, He entered the house of God and requested provisions of the high priest (cf. 1 Sm 21:1-6). The priest had only the loaves of the Presence offered to the Lord and reserved for the priests (cf. Lv 24:5-9). David, however, acted without scruple or doubt – the loaves were of God, he and his people also belonged to God; everything is of God! Being a case of force majeure, in which the welfare of the men was at stake, he assumed the responsibility and distributed the bread. Had he perhaps committed a sacrilege, a grievous sin, for which it is not recorded that he did penance? And eating the holy bread was certainly more serious than plucking a few grains of wheat along one’s path on the Sabbath… Jesus made it clear that if in extreme necessity, such as to sustain one’s life, the non-fulfilment of the religious law was licit, this was all the more true of the Sabbath law.

“Man was made for Me…”

Our Lord’s affirmation contains an interesting moral principle – sicknesses of the soul should, in a certain sense, be treated like physical sickness. According to the wise theory of homeopathy, there are not sicknesses, but sick people. Each individual is unique and should be treated in accordance with their own organism, psychology, and reactivity. Morality undeniably has fixed and immutable rules, but it is necessary to closely analyse facts and circumstances. An experienced confessor, for example, is one who, through discernment of spirits, ably penetrates and knows how to approach the conscience of the individual penitent and administer appropriate orientation at the right moment. Here, concretely, the case of the Apostles picking some grain should be considered an exceptional one, for they were in the service of the Author and Lord of the Law, the Creator of the wheat, of themselves and even of the Pharisees: Jesus Christ, Second Person of the Blessed Trinity. As He is Justice and Law in substance, He is the absolute criterion, and they ought to have acted according to the morals that He prescribed for them in that circumstance. Why should they have to fulfil the rules prescribed by the Pharisees? This demonstrates the boundless liberty of the just, upon entering Heaven. There, they not only enjoy the presence of the most holy humanity of Christ, but they see God face to face, “as He is” (1 Jn 3:2). Through the beatific vision, they participate in the freedom of God himself, for God is Freedom, as St. Paul writes: “Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom” (2 Cor 3:17). Let us also understand that, in order to be fully free, we must attain the glory of divine contemplation! Those who seek freedom “as a pretext for evil” (1 Pt 2:16) are mad, for embracing it is the slavery that leads to hell.

The real crime was committed by those who criticized the Apostles: they denied Our Lord, rejecting the unmistakeable signs that He was the Messiah

Declaring to the Pharisees “The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath,” was tantamount to saying: “Man was made for Me and not for the Sabbath.” In fact, this day of the week set aside for the Lord was established so that the people would revolve their lives around Him. The Covenant established by God with Israel, in delivering to them the stone tablets with the Decalogue, as well as through the promises made to the patriarchs, was aimed at man and not at the institution of the Sabbath. This Covenant would only be fully realized in Our Lord Jesus Christ and in the Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church founded by Him.

Our Lord remonstrates with the Pharisees - Library of Yuso Monastery, San Millán de la Cogolla (Spain)

With this, Jesus showed the Pharisees His divinity and invited them to accept Him. “The Sabbath rest” – affirms Fr. Tuya – “is of divine institution (Gn 2:2-3). To proclaim himself ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ is to proclaim himself ‘owner’ of its legislation, of its institution; it is to proclaim himself owner of the Sabbath. Moses legislated it in the name of God. But Christ does not place himself in the line of Moses, but rather in the very ‘lordship’ of the Sabbath’s legislation. If God is the ‘owner’ of the Sabbath, and Christ is the ‘Lord’ of the Sabbath, then Christ is proclaiming himself God.”⁹ Who, therefore, were violating the law of the Sabbath? The Pharisees! Indeed, those who accused the Apostles committed a real crime: they did not want to adhere to Our Lord. Instead, they denied Him and failed to comprehend how they should behave on the Sabbath. Their main error was that of having been blind to the evident signs that He was the Messiah. They did not perceive because they were materialists, naturalists, relativists, and egotists. Thus, they excluded themselves from the Covenant and disdained the promises…

Unable to act, but confiding in Jesus

On the Sabbath the Jews filled the synagogue and remained there quietly, avoiding all effort that might break the Sabbath law. When Jesus arrived, there must have been a profound silence. Everyone wondered what was about to happen, and He began to teach (cf. Lk 6:6a). There was a man there with a withered hand – his right hand, according to St. Luke (cf. Lk 6:6b). The hand is a most important and useful member and gives the human creature superior movement over the animals, even the most skilled. With his hands, man performs tasks with extraordinary precision, and is capable of playing magnificent instruments, such as the harp, the organ, or the violin, of producing beautiful artistic works, and of accomplishing daily tasks. Having a withered hand, then, signifies inactivity and unproductiveness. This man undoubtedly felt degraded for his inability to work gainfully, to earn his bread and sustain a family. Knowing that Our Lord Jesus Christ was the Messiah and that He performed miracles, he ardently desired to be cured, on the Sabbath or any other day of the week for that matter, yet he dared not raise his voice. But Jesus had seen his faith-filled desire from all eternity. The scribes and Pharisees were also gathered there, stroking their beards, their eyes fixed on the Divine Master, to see if He would again violate the Sabbath. Perhaps it was they themselves who had brought the poor man to the synagogue, convincing him to keep close to Jesus and to move his arm every now and then so that He would take the initiative to work the cure.

Another chance for conversion rejected by the Pharisees

Why did Our Lord place the man before them? First, He wished to call the attention of everyone, including that of His enemies. These, seated in the first places (cf. Mt 23:6), immediately glanced at one another upon hearing that order, believing that – finally! – Jesus had fallen into the trap. But knowing the evil intentions in their hearts, He sought to do good to them and to give them another chance, with the intention of saving them. Thus, He presented them with a problem to aid their conversion, and simultaneously created the grace for them to admit that they had erred and to receive what He offered. In asking whether it was lawful to do good or evil on the Sabbath, He raised a matter that had never been dealt with, for obviously there is no time off from virtue. While evil should always be rejected, good should be practised every day of the week, even more particularly on the Sabbath, it being the Lord’s day. The Pharisees, on the contrary, always sought to avoid good, disdaining “justice and mercy and faith” (Mt 23:23), being “full of extortion and rapacity […], of hypocrisy and iniquity” (Mt 23:25, 28).

Aware of the bad intentions they harboured inwardly, Our Lord sought to do them good and to give them another chance, with a view to saving them

Furthermore, rescuing an animal that had fallen into a well or saving a human life was authorized by the regulations of the masters,¹⁰ and many of those present had been in such situations, perhaps easing their consciences afterwards with a donation that promptly went to fill the pocket of the high priests… The expression “to destroy it” made the subject even more compelling, for it was equivalent to asking: “Should we grant someone life, or kill him? Can one contribute to a homicide or is it obligatory to stop it?” Who would dare utter a word? They were between a rock and a hard place, and the only way out was to admit that the Saviour was right, “But they remained silent.”

Anger and grief: the extremes of a Divine Heart

Imagine the gaze of Our Lord as He looked upon those hard-hearted men who were obstinate in rejecting God’s grace. Their lack of faith provoked the anger of the Sacred Heart, which is filled with goodness and love; a holy and divine anger, an anger, however, mixed with grief and pity because they did not want to hear Him. He alone is capable of such extremes!

Out of goodness, He chose to cloak the miracle in ambiguity…

Our Lord Jesus Christ customarily performed miracles in such a way as to clearly show that He was their Author, in order to ward off false ideas regarding the power of spirits or similar superstitions. Therefore, in curing the deaf-mute, He placed His fingers on his ears, anointed his tongue with His own saliva, and ordered: “‘Ephphatha,’ that is, ‘be opened.’” (Mk 7:34); He chose to touch a leper to purify him (cf. Mk 1:40-42); He restored life to Jairus’ daughter by taking her by the hand (cf. Mk 5:41); and to the son of the widow of Nain, He approached, touched the bier and ordered him to arise (cf. Lk 7:14), despite the fact that all of these contacts signified acquiring much impurity. Here, in like manner, Jesus could have made some effort, stepping forward or saying to the man: “Give Me your hand,” and grasping it in order for it to be healed. But, out of consideration for the Pharisees, He chose to leave the authorship of the prodigy cloaked in ambiguity, so that it could not be attributed to Him with certainty. He left the shadow of a doubt: perhaps it was the result of the faith of the beneficiary…

Jesus cures the man with the withered hand - Church of St. Martin, Jeumont (France)

The man did stretch out his hand; but did he not have the right to move it? Where was it written that on the Sabbath the hands must be kept down alongside the body or hidden beneath the tunic, without it being permissible to raise them, even to brush away a mosquito? If that man confided in Jesus’ word to be cured, should he have waited until the next day, when perhaps he would no longer have the opportunity? There was nothing to say…

This is the spirit of the wicked…

How did the Pharisees reply? Instead of converting, they became filled with hatred and plotted to put the Saviour to death. “But as the Sanhedrin knew they could not lay a hand on Him in the territory of Galilee without the consent of King Herod, they made an agreement with the Herodians to favour their machinations. They hoped that Herod, incited by his courtiers, would seize Jesus.”¹¹ It is not known whether the latter were already conspiring among themselves or were merely manipulated by the Pharisees. What is certain is that, from a political standpoint, they followed an ideology completely opposed to that of the former, with whom they were in constant dispute. They were, as the name signifies, adherents of the Herodian dynasty and favourable to Roman domination, while the Pharisees defended the liberation of Israel. However, their wickedness and hardness of heart reached such extremes that they preferred to connive with those “liberals of the public sphere, as well as, in part, of the religious,”¹² rather than to adhere to the true Messiah. This is the spirit of the wicked…

III – Do I Have a Withered Hand?

Considered from a mystical viewpoint, the man with the withered hand represents, says Venerable Bede, “mankind, withered by unfruitfulness in good works […], because of the hand of our first parent, stretched out to take the fruit from the forbidden tree.”¹³ In effect, through the sin of Adam, humanity became sterile, incapable of gaining merit. But it was cured “by the grace of the Redeemer, when He stretched out His innocent hands on the tree of the Cross.”¹⁴ Thus, by His Passion, Our Lord Jesus Christ restored to men the possibility of producing extraordinary fruits.

In curing the man with the withered hand, Our Lord preferred not to make it obvious that He was the Author of the prodigy, out of goodness towards those hardened hearts

When a person who, having received, in Baptism, the “hand” of the theological and cardinal virtues and the gifts of the Holy Spirit, does not use this for the glorification of the Church, it withers and functions ineptly, to the detriment of the Mystical Body of Christ. This happens with all the egoists, the self-worshippers, those who withdraw their hand from helping their neighbour, and those who embrace sin: the virtues no longer operate for the benefit of others and their everyaction becomes ineffectual. They sow cactuses and harvest thorns! Their life is one of insecurity, bitterness, and slavery, for God does not bless their works. We know that, conversely, the soul of the apostolate is the interior life, which, in turn, is based on faith and piety. Those at the apex of fervour bring forth the marvel of a fruitful missionary work which can even spring up from sandy soil! Man stretches out his hand to others and God gives the good results, as St. Paul states: “So neither he who plants nor he who waters is anything, but only God who gives the growth” (1 Cor 3:7).

“Christ in majesty”, by Niccolò di Pietro Gerini - Ancient Painting Gallery, Munich (Germany)

If we, then, could be numbered among those whose action is unproductive, we should ask: “Do I have a withered hand?” If the reply is affirmative, the only way to cure it is to seek Our Lord Jesus Christ in the temple, to approach the altar and ask Him to perform the miracle of changing our inert hand, supplying it with agility. He will not deny this, for He is always ready to cure our moral defects and grant us the necessary strength of soul. Only in this way will we be transformed into lions of the apostolate. Instantaneously, the absence of fruits will be compensated by God’s grace.

The irreconcilable hatred between good and evil

But let us not be deceived: when we resolve to practise the good, some will thank us – rather weakly, most often – and others will hate us, with far greater virulence than the acknowledgement of the former. What is the reason for this hatred? Let us consider Our Lord: It was not because He cured a man with a withered hand or because He had violated the Sabbath that the Pharisees and Herodians wanted to kill Him. Rather, it was because in publicly revealing himself, such was His divine presence that He divided the camps, as Simeon had foretold: “Behold, this Child is set for the fall and rising of many in Israel, and for a sign that is spoken against […], that thoughts out of many hearts may be revealed” (Lk 2:34-35). Those who accepted the graces of faith that He brought promptly believed; those who rejected them, hated Him, also immediately.

Our Lord’s presence was such that He divided the camps when He publicly manifested himself: those who accepted the graces He offered readily believed; those who rejected them hated Him

Those who raise objections against the good always demonstrate their indulgence toward evil, yet no one can understand those who embark on the path of evil… It is the mystery of iniquity! This irreconcilable hatred implies a sin against the Holy Spirit – to deny the known truth¹⁵ – which “never has forgiveness” (Mk 3:29). It is a total rejection of Truth, Goodness, and Mercy in essence, namely, the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity, and therefore, hatred of God. Logical arguments are of no avail against this bad will – not even the magnificent éclat of virtue succeeds in persuading. Such enmity has existed ever since satan and his followers revolted against God in Heaven, and will endure until the end of the world (cf. Gn 3:15). Just as the teachings and wisdom of Jesus grew in refulgence over the course of His earthly life (cf. Lk 2:52), so also, over the various historical ages, His figure reflected in the Church is continually being revealed in its many facets, and we see the truth becoming more brilliant each day, and holiness more resplendent. Even the attacks suffered by the Church or the heresies that arise contribute to this end (cf. 1 Cor 11:19), for they demand special graces from the Holy Spirit which enlighten those who study to defend her. In this way she increases in explicit beauty.

Detail of the “Final Judgement”, by Fra Angelico - Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

As was previously stated, what occurs with Our Lord and His Mystical Spouse also occurs with those who belong to them through Baptism: the world notes a ray of the divinity of Christ in us, and to this day, He produces ire in unbelievers and enthusiasm in those who believe. As Jesus himself proclaimed, He came to select and choose, so save and sanctify (cf. Mt 10:34-35; Lk 10:16). He will endure as a rock of scandal until the end of the ages.

In the fight for the good, let us deal wisely with evil

In the two episodes related in the Gospel for this 9th Sunday in Ordinary Time, Our Lord shows that the champions of the good should be wise, clever, sagacious, and always on the alert to avoid falling prey to evil; on the contrary, the good should always outwit evil. What a lesson to be imitated! Let us learn to deal with evil as the Lord does, understanding that it is a ruthless adversary, capable of taking matters to their ultimate consequences, namely, of bringing us to martyrdom, like Jesus.

The enmity between the good and the wicked will last until the end of the world. Those who side with the good must be wise and wary so as not to fall into the traps of the wicked

When we are misunderstood and persecuted for love of justice, let us know how to practise resigned and joyful acceptance which draws us closer to Our Lord. He showed both anger and grief with regard to the hardened hearts of the Pharisees. And this, precisely, should be our disposition of soul: indignation against the reckless folly of opposing God, and pity that inspires us to pray for our persecutors. ◊  

Notes

---

¹ Since this Magazine has already published all of Msgr. João’s Gospel commentaries for the Sundays in Ordinary Time corresponding to the month of June, as well as that for the Solemnity of Corpus Christi in Year B, we offer our readers this beautiful Gospel commentary for the 9th Sunday in Ordinary Time, observed in Brazil and in some dioceses of the English-speaking world where Corpus Christi is celebrated on the Thursday after the Solemnity of the Holy Trinity.

² Cf. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS. Summa Theologiæ, I-II, q.89, a.6.

³ DAGNINO, Maria Luisa. Bakhita: da escravidão à liberdade. (Ed.2). São Paulo: Loyola, 2000, p.58.

⁴ Cf. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, op. cit., q.27, a.1, ad 1.

⁵ Cf. SHABAT, M 7, 2. In: BONSIRVEN, SJ, Joseph. (Ed.). Textes rabbiniques des deux premiers siècles chrétiens. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1955, p.160.

⁶ Cf. SHABAT, C.VIII, 10a. In: GUGGENHEIMER, Heinrich Walter (Ed.). The Jerusalem Talmud. Second order: Mo‘ed. Tractates Šabbat and ‘Eruvin. Berlin-Boston: W. de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2012, p.272.

⁷ ST. CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA. Explanatio in Lucæ Evangelium, c.VI, v.2: MG 72, 575.

⁸ Cf. ERUVIM, M 4, 3. In: BONSIRVEN, op. cit., p.193.

⁹ TUYA, OP, Manuel de. Biblia Comentada, vol. V: Evangelios. Madrid: BAC, 1964, p.279.

¹⁰ Cf. SHABAT, B 117b; YOMÁ. M 8, 6-7. In: BONSIRVEN, op. cit., p.166; 231.

¹¹ BERTHE, CSsR, Augustin. Jesus Cristo, sua vida, sua Paixão, seu triunfo. Einsiedeln: Benziger, 1925, p.134.

¹² FILLION, Louis-Claude. Vida de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo, vol. II: Vida pública. Madrid: Rialp, 2000, p.71.

¹³ ST. BEDE. In Marci Evangelium Expositio, lib.I, c.3: ML 92, 155.

¹⁴ Idem, ibidem.

¹⁵ Cf. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, op. cit., II-II, q.14, a.2.